Mitotic genome folding, or mitotic chromosome assembly, is essential for the faithful segregation of genetic information into daughter cells. While this process was once thought to be highly complex, requiring a myriad of protein components, recent studies have begun to revise this conventional view. An emerging view is that the core reaction of mitotic genome folding is mediated by a dynamic interplay of a limited number of structural components, namely, condensins, topoisomerase II (topo II), and histones. Condensins and topo II are two distinct classes of ATPases that cooperate to actively form and manipulate DNA loops, both accumulating at the central axial regions of the resulting chromosomes. In contrast, nucleosomes and linker histones help to compact DNA loops by cooperating and competing with the action of these ATPases. In this review, I will focus on the recent advances in the field, with an emphasis on the mechanistic aspects of mitotic genome folding.
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